Japanese VocabularyOrganized by Part Of Speech

word

Meaning

Honorific

Reading

Kanji

御Honorable, General honorific term

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '御 (お)' is an honorific prefix used to show respect or politeness. It is commonly attached to nouns, particularly in formal or polite contexts. This prefix does not change the core meaning of the word but elevates its tone. For example: tea「お茶」(おちゃ), money「お金」(おかね). It is also used in set phrases like 'thank you'「ありがとうございます」(ありがとうございます), where '御' is implied in the politeness of the expression. Note that '御' can also be read as 'ご' in some cases, such as 'ご飯 (ごはん)' (meal/rice), but the meaning remains the same.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

59

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Ordinal

Reading

Kanji

第Ordinal number

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '第 (だい)' is used to indicate ordinal numbers, similar to '1st', '2nd', '3rd' in English. It is commonly attached to numbers to denote order, rank, or sequence. For example: first place「第一位」(だいいちい). Second chapter「第二章」(だいにしょう). Third time「第三回」(だいさんかい). This prefix is often used in formal or structured contexts, such as academic chapters, competition rankings, or event iterations. It is important to note that '第' is always followed by a number and does not stand alone as a word.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

103

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Not

Reading

Kanji

不Not

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '不 (ふ)' is used to negate or express the absence of a quality, state, or action. It is commonly attached to nouns or adjectives to form words that mean the opposite of the original term. For example: '不安 (ふあん)' means 'unease' or 'anxiety' (literally 'not peace'), and '不満 (ふまん)' means 'dissatisfaction' (literally 'not satisfaction'). This prefix is versatile and widely used in both formal and informal contexts. Example sentences: He is not satisfied「彼は不満です」(かれはふまんです). This situation is uncertain「この状況は不確かです」(このじょうきょうはふたしかです).

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

209

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Without

Reading

Kanji

無Nothing

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '無 (む)' means 'without' or 'lack of'. It is commonly attached to nouns to negate their meaning, indicating the absence of something. For example: meaningless「無意味」(むいみ). It can also imply a state of being free from something, such as in '無料 (むりょう)', meaning 'free of charge'. Example sentences: This is a meaningless conversation「これは無意味な会話です」(これはむいみなかいわです). The museum is free of charge today「今日、博物館は無料です」(きょう、はくぶつかんはむりょうです).

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

417

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

About

Reading

Kanji

約Promise, Approximately

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '約 (やく)' means 'about' or 'approximately'. It is commonly used to indicate an approximate quantity, time, or degree. This prefix is often attached to numbers or time expressions to convey that the value is not exact but close to it. For example: about 100 people「約100人」(やくひゃくにん). It will take about 2 hours「約2時間かかります」(やくにじかんかかります). Note that '約' is typically used in formal or written contexts, and in casual speech, alternatives like 'だいたい' or 'くらい' might be more common.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

505

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

New

Reading

Kanji

新New

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '新 (しん)' means 'new' and is commonly used to indicate something that is fresh, recent, or innovative. It is often attached to nouns to form compound words, emphasizing the novelty or updated nature of the subject. For example: new product「新製品」(しんせいひん). new employee「新入社員」(しんにゅうしゃいん). This prefix is widely used in various contexts, such as business, technology, and everyday life, to highlight something that is newly introduced or created.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

511

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Each

Reading

Kanji

各Each

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '各 (かく)' means 'each' or 'every'. It is used to refer to individual items within a group or category. This prefix is commonly attached to nouns to indicate that something applies to every member of a group. For example: each country「各国」(かっこく). Each person「各人」(かくじん). It is important to note that '各' is often used in formal or written contexts, and it can be combined with various nouns to specify that something pertains to each item in a set. For instance: each company「各会社」(かくかいしゃ). Each station「各駅」(かくえき).

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

666

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

True

Reading

Kanji

真Truth

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '真 (しん)' means 'true' or 'genuine'. It is often used to emphasize the authenticity or seriousness of something. This prefix is commonly attached to nouns to create compound words that convey a sense of realness or purity. For example: true love「真の愛」(しんのあい). genuine pearl「真珠」(しんじゅ). It can also be used in contexts to indicate something is the 'real' or 'ultimate' version of a concept, such as in '真実 (しんじつ) (truth)' or '真剣 (しんけん) (seriousness, literally 'true sword')'. Note that '真' can also appear as a standalone kanji with different readings, but as a prefix, it is almost always read as 'しん'.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

690

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Non

Reading

Kanji

非Mistake, Negative

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '非 (ひ)' means 'non-' or 'not'. It is used to negate or indicate the absence of a quality or characteristic. This prefix is commonly attached to nouns or adjectives to form new words that express the opposite or absence of the original meaning. For example: non-member「非会員」(ひかいいん). It is not fair「非公平だ」(ひこうへいだ). The prefix '非' is often used in formal or technical contexts, and it can carry a slightly negative or critical nuance depending on the word it modifies.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

768

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

High

Reading

Kanji

高High, Expensive

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '高 (こう)' means 'high'. It is commonly used in compound words to indicate something of high quality, high level, or high degree. For example: high school「高校」(こうこう), high price「高価」(こうか), high temperature「高温」(こうおん). This prefix is often used in technical or formal contexts to denote superiority or elevation in status, quality, or quantity. It is important to note that '高' as a prefix is read as 'こう' and is different from the standalone kanji '高' which can have other readings and meanings.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

773

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Again

Reading

Kanji

再Again, Twice

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '再 (さい)' means 'again' or 're-'. It is used to indicate repetition or renewal of an action or state. This prefix is commonly attached to verbs or nouns to form compound words. For example: to rebuild「再建する」(さいけんする). To reconsider「再考する」(さいこうする). It can also be used in nouns like 'reconstruction'「再建」(さいけん) or 'reconsideration'「再考」(さいこう). The prefix emphasizes the idea of doing something once more or returning to a previous state.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

849

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Various

Reading

Kanji

諸Many, Various

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '諸 (しょ)' is used to indicate 'various' or 'many' when attached to nouns. It often implies a collective or plural sense, referring to multiple items or aspects of the noun it modifies. For example: various countries「諸国」(しょこく). It is commonly used in formal or written contexts. Another example: various opinions「諸意見」(しょいけん). Note that this prefix is not used in casual conversation and is typically found in compound words or formal expressions.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

1113

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

All

Reading

Kanji

全Whole, All

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '全 (ぜん)' means 'all' or 'entire'. It is commonly used to indicate completeness or entirety when attached to nouns. For example: all members「全員」(ぜんいん), all over the world「全世界」(ぜんせかい), or all day「全日」(ぜんじつ). This prefix is often used in formal or written contexts to emphasize the totality of something. Another example: all power「全力」(ぜんりょく). Note that '全' can also be used in compound words to convey a sense of wholeness or comprehensiveness, such as in '全国 (ぜんこく)' meaning 'nationwide' or 'entire country'.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

1123

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Total

Reading

Kanji

総General, Total

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '総 (そう)' is used to indicate 'total', 'overall', or 'general'. It is often attached to nouns to emphasize the entirety or comprehensive nature of something. For example: total population「総人口」(そうじんこう). Overall plan「総合計画」(そうごうけいかく). This prefix is commonly used in formal or technical contexts, such as in business, government, or academic settings. It can also imply a sense of completeness or inclusiveness, as in '総合病院 (そうごうびょういん) (general hospital)'.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

1324

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Super

Reading

Kanji

超Surpass, Transcend

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '超 (ちょう)' means 'super' or 'ultra'. It is commonly used to emphasize or exaggerate the quality or degree of something. This prefix is often attached to nouns or adjectives to indicate that something is beyond the normal level. For example: super fast「超速い」(ちょうはやい). This ramen is super delicious「このラーメンは超美味しい」(このラーメンはちょうおいしい). It can also be used in casual conversation to express enthusiasm or excitement, such as '超楽しい (ちょうたのしい) (super fun)'. Note that '超' is informal and is often used in spoken language or casual writing.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

1676

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Vice

Reading

Kanji

副Secondary

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '副 (ふく)' means 'vice' or 'deputy'. It is commonly used to denote a secondary or subordinate position, often in titles or roles. For example: vice president「副社長」(ふくしゃちょう). This prefix is typically attached to nouns to indicate a secondary role or position. Another example: vice minister「副大臣」(ふくだいじん). It is important to note that '副 (ふく)' is always used as a prefix and not as a standalone word.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

2022

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Current

Reading

Kanji

現Appear, Current

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '現 (げん)' means 'current' or 'present'. It is commonly used to indicate something that is in the present time or currently existing. This prefix is often attached to nouns to form compound words. For example: current situation「現状」(げんじょう), current location「現地」(げんち), current president「現大統領」(げんだいとうりょう). It can also be used in phrases like 'the current state of affairs'「現状の状況」(げんじょうのじょうきょう). The prefix is versatile and widely used in both formal and informal contexts.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

2499

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Anti

Reading

Kanji

反Anti

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '反 (はん)' means 'anti' or 'against'. It is commonly used to form words that express opposition or resistance to something. For example: anti-war「反戦」(はんせん), anti-government「反政府」(はんせいふ), anti-social「反社会的」(はんしゃかいてき). This prefix is often attached to nouns to create compound words that convey a sense of opposition or contrast. It is important to note that '反 (はん)' is a prefix and not a standalone word, so it always appears at the beginning of a compound word.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

2818

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Passive

Reading

Kanji

被Incur, Be subjected to

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '被 (ひ)' is used to indicate a passive or receptive state, often implying that the subject is affected by an action rather than initiating it. It is commonly used in formal or technical contexts, such as legal or academic language. For example: the victim was injured「被害者がけがをした」(ひがいしゃがけがをした). The company suffered damages「会社が被害を受けた」(かいしゃがひがいをうけた). This prefix is often attached to nouns to form compound words that describe situations where someone or something is on the receiving end of an action.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

2819

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Many

Reading

Kanji

多Many

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '多 (た)' means 'many' or 'much'. It is commonly used to form compound words that indicate a large quantity or variety. For example: multicultural「多文化」(たぶんか), many-sided「多面的」(ためんてき). This prefix is often used in formal or technical contexts to describe abundance or diversity. For example: This country has many cultures「この国は多文化です」(このくにはたぶんかです). The problem has many aspects「その問題は多面的です」(そのもんだいはためんてきです).

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

3371

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Holy

Reading

Kanji

聖Saint, Holy

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '聖 (せい)' means 'holy' or 'sacred'. It is often used in religious or spiritual contexts to denote something revered or divine. This prefix is commonly attached to nouns to form compound words, such as '聖地 (せいち)' (holy place) or '聖書 (せいしょ)' (holy book/Bible). For example: This is a holy place「ここは聖地です」(ここはせいちです). The Bible is a holy book「聖書は聖なる本です」(せいしょはせいなるほんです). The prefix can also be used in secular contexts to emphasize something exceptional or revered, such as '聖域 (せいいき)' (sacred ground or sanctuary).

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

3647

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Old

Reading

Kanji

古Old

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '古 (こ)' means 'old' and is used to indicate something ancient, traditional, or from the past. It often carries a sense of historical significance or antiquity. This prefix is commonly used in compound words to describe things like old buildings, traditions, or artifacts. For example: ancient capital「古都」(こと). old book「古本」(ふるほん). Note that while '古' can also be read as 'ふる' in some contexts, as a prefix it is typically read as 'こ'. The reading and meaning depend on the compound word it is part of.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

3925

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Short

Reading

Kanji

短Short

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '短 (たん)' means 'short'. It is commonly used in compound words to indicate something of short duration, length, or brevity. For example: short-term「短期」(たんき). short story「短編」(たんぺん). It can also be used in contexts like short hair「短髪」(たんぱつ). This prefix is versatile and often paired with other kanji to form words related to time, physical length, or abstract concepts of brevity.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

4063

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Next

Reading

Kanji

翌Next, Following

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '翌 (よく)' means 'next' and is used to refer to the day, month, or year immediately following a specific point in time. It is commonly used in expressions like '翌日 (よくじつ)' (the next day), '翌月 (よくげつ)' (the next month), or '翌年 (よくねん)' (the next year). For example: I will visit you the next day「翌日、あなたを訪ねます」(よくじつ、あなたをたずねます). The meeting is scheduled for the next month「会議は翌月に予定されています」(かいぎはよくげつによていされています). This prefix is always attached to time-related nouns and cannot stand alone.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

4220

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Pure

Reading

Kanji

素Element

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '素 (そ)' conveys the idea of something being pure, unadulterated, or in its natural state. It is often used to describe things that are unprocessed, unrefined, or free from artificial elements. For example: pure water「素水」(そすい). This prefix can also imply simplicity or a lack of pretense, as in '素顔 (すがお) (bare face, no makeup)'. Additionally, it can be used in contexts related to skill or talent, such as '素人 (しろうと) (amateur, literally 'pure person')', which contrasts with '玄人 (くろうと) (professional)'. Example sentences: She has a pure heart「彼女は素心だ」(かのじょはそしんだ). I prefer natural ingredients「私は素の材料が好きです」(わたしはそのざいりょうがすきです).

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

4264

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Different

Reading

Kanji

異Rare, Different

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '異 (い)' means 'different' or 'unusual'. It is commonly used to form compound words that indicate something is different, unusual, or distinct from the norm. For example: different culture「異文化」(いぶんか). unusual phenomenon「異現象」(いげんしょう). This prefix is often used in formal or academic contexts to denote something that stands out or deviates from the standard. It can also imply a sense of otherness or foreignness, as in '異国 (いこく) (foreign country)'.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

4554

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Existence

Reading

Kanji

有Exist

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '有 (ゆう)' is used to indicate the existence or possession of something. It is often attached to nouns to form compound words that convey the idea of 'having' or 'being endowed with'. For example: useful「有効な」(ゆうこうな). This prefix is commonly used in formal or technical contexts. Another example: profitable「有益な」(ゆうえきな). It's important to note that '有' can also be used in standalone words, such as '有る (ある)', which means 'to exist' or 'to have'.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

4753

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Old

Reading

Kanji

老Old, Aged

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '老 (ろう)' means 'old' and is used to indicate age or seniority. It is often attached to nouns to describe something or someone as being old or elderly. For example: old man「老人」(ろうじん). old age「老年」(ろうねん). This prefix is commonly used in formal or respectful contexts to refer to elderly people or things that have aged. It carries a nuance of respect and experience, especially when referring to people.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

4856

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Favorable

Reading

Kanji

好Like, Fond

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '好 (こう)' is used to indicate something that is favorable, liked, or preferred. It is often attached to nouns to form compound words that express a positive inclination or preference towards something. For example: '好評 (こうひょう)' means 'favorable reputation' or 'popularity', and '好意 (こうい)' means 'goodwill' or 'kindness'. Example sentences: The new product received favorable reviews「新製品は好評だった」(しんせいひんはこうひょうだった). He showed goodwill towards his colleagues「彼は同僚に好意を示した」(かれはどうりょうにこういをしめした).

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

5036

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Wide

Reading

Kanji

広Wide

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '広 (こう)' is derived from the kanji 広 and generally conveys the meaning of 'wide' or 'broad'. It is often used in compound words to indicate something expansive or extensive. For example, in the word '広場 (ひろば)', which means 'plaza' or 'open space', the prefix emphasizes the spaciousness of the area. Another example is '広告 (こうこく)', meaning 'advertisement', where the prefix suggests the broad dissemination of information. Example sentences: The park is wide「公園は広い」(こうえんはひろい). This advertisement is effective「この広告は効果的だ」(このこうこくはこうかてきだ).

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

6168

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Excess

Reading

Kanji

過Exceed, Error

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '過 (か)' conveys the idea of excess, overdoing, or surpassing a limit. It is commonly used in compound words to indicate that something is excessive or beyond what is normal or acceptable. For example: overwork「過労」(かろう), overconfidence「過信」(かしん), or excessive speed「過速度」(かそくど). This prefix is often attached to nouns or verbs to create new terms that describe an exaggerated or extreme state. For instance: He died from overwork「彼は過労で亡くなった」(かれはかろうでなくなった). Don't overestimate your abilities「自分の能力を過信しないで」(じぶんののうりょくをかしんしないで).

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

6184

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Next

Reading

Kanji

来Come

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '来 (らい)' means 'next' and is commonly used in time-related words to indicate the upcoming or following period. It is often attached to words like '年 (ねん)' (year), '月 (げつ)' (month), or '週 (しゅう)' (week) to denote the next year, month, or week, respectively. For example: next year「来年」(らいねん). next month「来月」(らいげつ). next week「来週」(らいしゅう). This prefix is strictly used for time-related contexts and does not apply to other meanings of '来' as a standalone kanji or verb.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

6191

Composition

kanji

Handwriting

word

Meaning

Pure

Reading

Kanji

純Pure

Explanation

The Japanese prefix '純 (じゅん)' means 'pure' and is often used to describe something that is genuine, unadulterated, or untainted. It can be attached to nouns to convey a sense of purity or authenticity. For example: pure love「純愛」(じゅんあい). pure gold「純金」(じゅんきん). This prefix is commonly used in contexts related to emotions, materials, or concepts to emphasize their untainted or genuine nature. It is important to note that '純' is often used in compound words and carries a positive connotation.

Part Of Speech

prefix

Kanji JLPT

Kanji Grade

Frequency

6930

Composition

kanji

Handwriting